『社会科学のためのデータ分析入門』の第4章解答です。
繰り返しますが、自分も初学者なので間違いやミスは大いにありえます。
訂正すべきところや誤りについてはコメント欄に投稿していただけると嬉しいです。
イワマ
イワマ
誤読しないように頑張ります!
イワマ
練習問題4.5.1
1
> #1
> #2008
> intrade08 <- read.csv("intrade08.csv")
> press08 <- read.csv("pres08.csv")
> prevote08 <- intrade08[intrade08$day == "2008-11-03",]
> prevote08$margins <- prevote08$PriceD - prevote08$PriceR
> press08$margins <- press08$Obama - press08$McCain
> prevote08$state[sign(prevote08$margins) != sign(press08$margins)]
[1] IN MO
51 Levels: AK AL AR AZ CA CO CT DC DE FL GA HI IA ID IL IN KS KY LA MA MD ME MI MN MO MS MT NC ND NE NH NJ NM NV NY OH OK OR PA RI SC ... WY
>
> #2012
> intrade12 <- read.csv("intrade12.csv")
> press12 <- read.csv("pres12.csv")
> prevote12 <- intrade12[intrade12$day == "2012-11-05",]
> margine <- na.omit(merge(prevote12, press12, by = "state")) #州の数を揃える#NA除去
> margine$margins_prevote <- margine$PriceD - margine$PriceR
> margine$margins_press <- margine$Obama - margine$Romney
> margine$state[sign(margine$margins_prevote) != sign(margine$margins_press)]
[1] FL
50 Levels: AK AL AR AZ CA CO CT DE FL GA HI IA ID IL IN KS KY LA MA MD ME MI MN MO MS MT NC ND NE NH NJ NM NV NY OH OK OR PA RI SC SD ... WY
>
・2008年はインディアナ州(IN)とモンタナ州(MO)の州が誤って分類された。
・世論調査による分類に比べてイントレードのほうが精度が高かった。
・また、2012年のイントレードでの分類で誤ってのはフロリダ州(FL)だけであった。
・2008年より2012年の賭博市場のほうがうまく予測できたと言える。
・総じて世論調査よりイントレードでの分析のほうが精度が高く、効率的市場仮説が機能している(正しい)可能性があると言える。
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2
> #2
> #margine
> margine08 <- merge(intrade08, press08, by = "state")
> margine08$day <- as.Date(margine08$day)
> margine08$DaysToElection <- as.Date("2008-11-04") - margine08$day
> Obama.pred <- rep(NA, 90)
> #roop
> for (i in 1:90){
+ day.data <- subset(margine08, subset = (DaysToElection == (90 - i)))
+ Obama.pred[i] <- sum(day.data$EV[day.data$PriceD > day.data$PriceR])
+ }
> #plot
> plot(90:1,Obama.pred,
+ type = "b", col = "blue",
+ xlim = c(90,1),ylim = c(200,400),
+ xlab = "DaysToElection", ylab = "Estimated number of EV",
+ main = "Estimated number of EV for 90 days")
> points(0, 365, pch = 19, col = "blue")
> abline(v = 0)
実際の選挙結果とイントレードから予測された直前の予想選挙結果がほぼ同数である
イワマ
3
> #3
> State.EV <- subset(margine08, DaysToElection == 1, select = c(state, EV))
> Obama.pred <- rep(NA, 90)
> for(i in 1:90){
+ week.data <- subset(margine08, subset = ((DaysToElection <= (90 - i +7)) & (DaysToElection > (90 - i))))
+ Obama.pred[i] <- sum(State.EV$EV + [tapply(week.data$PriceD, week.data$state, mean) >
+ tapply(week.data$PriceR, week.data$state, mean)])
+ }
>
> #plot
> plot(90:1,Obama.pred,
+ type = "b", col = "blue",
+ xlim = c(90,1),ylim = c(200,400),
+ xlab = "DaysToElection", ylab = "Estimated number of EV",
+ main = "Estimated number of EV for 90 days MA ver")
> points(0, 365, pch = 19, col = "blue")
> abline(v = 0)
移動平均価格を用いた方が、日足価格より数値のボラティリティが減少する
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4
> #4
> polls08 <- read.csv("polls08.csv")
> polls08$middate <- as.Date(polls08$middate)
> polls08$DaysToElection <- as.Date("2008-11-04") - polls08$middate
> st.names <- unique(polls08$state)
> obamapoll.pred <- rep(NA, 51)
> state.pred <- rep(NA, 51)
> for (i in 1:90){
+ for (j in 1:51){
+ state.data <- subset(polls08, subset = (state == st.names[j]))
+ num <- which(abs(state.data$DaysToElection - i)
+ == min(abs(state.data$DaysToElection - i))) # 最も近い値を持つ要素の番号
+ if (state.data$Obama[num]
> state.data$McCain[num]){
+ State.EV$Obama[j] <- TRUE
+ } else {
+ State.EV$Obama[j] <- FALSE
+ }
+ }
+ obamapoll.pred[i] <- sum(State.EV$EV[State.EV$Obama == TRUE])
+ }
>
>
> #plot
> plot(90:1,obamapoll.pred,
+ type = "b", col = "blue",
+ xlim = c(90,1),ylim = c(150,400),
+ xlab = "DaysToElection", ylab = "Estimated number of EV",
+ main = "Estimated number of EV for 90 days poll08 ver")
> points(0, 365, pch = 19, col = "blue")
> abline(v = 0)
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5
> #5
> premargine08 <- merge(prevote08, press08, by = "state")
> lm(margins.y ~ margins.x, data = premargine08)
Call:
lm(formula = margins.y ~ margins.x, data = premargine08)
Coefficients:
(Intercept) margins.x
1.3027 0.2291
> poll.pred <- rep(NA, 51)
> names(poll.pred) <- as.character(st.names)
> polls08$margin <- polls08$Obama - polls08$McCain
> for (i in 1:51){
+ state.data <- subset(polls08,
+ subset = (state == st.names[i]))
+ latest <- subset(state.data,
+ DaysToElection == min(DaysToElection))
+ poll.pred[i] <- mean(latest$margin) + }
>
> press08$poll <- poll.pred > lm(margins ~ poll, data = press08)
Call:
lm(formula = margins ~ poll, data = press08)
Coefficients:
(Intercept) poll
0.7091 1.1086
・世論調査でのマージンが10パーセント増えると、勝利マージンは約11.09パーセントポイント増える
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6
> #6
> lm(margins_press ~ margins_prevote, data = margine12)
Call:
lm(formula = margins_press ~ margins_prevote, data = margine12)
Coefficients:
(Intercept) margins_prevote
-0.1220 0.2044
>
>
> polls12 <- read.csv("polls12.csv")
> poll.pred <- rep(NA, 47)
> st.names <- unique(polls12$state)
> names(poll.pred) <- as.character(st.names)
> polls12$margin <- polls12$Obama - polls12$Romney
> polls12$middate <- as.Date(polls12$middate)
> polls12$DaysToElection <- as.Date("2012-11-06") - polls12$middate
> for (i in 1:47){
+ state.data <- subset(polls12,
+ subset = (state == st.names[i]))
+ latest <- subset(state.data,
+ DaysToElection == min(DaysToElection))
+ poll.pred[i] <- mean(latest$margin) + }
>
> DF <- data.frame(poll = poll.pred, state = st.names)
> pollmargine12 <- merge(polls12, DF, by = "state")
> lm(margin ~ poll, data = pollmargine12)
Call:
lm(formula = margin ~ poll, data = pollmargine12)
Coefficients:
(Intercept) poll
0.6405 0.9816
・世論調査でのマージンが10パーセント増えると、勝利マージンは約9.82パーセントポイント増える
・2008年と2012年で、係数に似た値がでているため、2008年のモデルで2012年の結果を予測することは可能
・しかし2008年に限ってはイントレードの切片が大きく異なっているため、正確には予測できない可能性が大きい
イワマ
4.5.2
1
> #1
> progresa <- read.csv("progresa.csv")
> tapply(progresa$t2000 , progresa$treatment, mean)
0 1
63.81483 68.08451
> tapply(progresa$pri2000s , progresa$treatment, mean)
0 1
34.48895 38.11145
> lm(t2000 ~ treatment , data = progresa)
Call:
lm(formula = t2000 ~ treatment, data = progresa)
Coefficients:
(Intercept) treatment
63.81 4.27
> lm(pri2000s ~ treatment , data = progresa)
Call:
lm(formula = pri2000s ~ treatment, data = progresa)
Coefficients:
(Intercept) treatment
34.489 3.622
トリートメントを受けた選挙区のほうが、平均投票率と平均得票率は高かった。
また回帰分析の結果から、トリートメントを受けた選挙区になると、
投票率が4.27%あがり、得票率が約3.622%あがる。
イワマ
2
> #2
> t2000.model <- lm(t2000 ~ treatment + avgpoverty + pobtot1994 + votos1994 + pri1994 + + pan1994 + prd1994 , data = progresa) > summary(t2000.model)
Call:
lm(formula = t2000 ~ treatment + avgpoverty + pobtot1994 + votos1994 +
pri1994 + pan1994 + prd1994, data = progresa)
Residuals:
Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
-50.173 -11.924 -2.938 6.972 302.183
Coefficients:
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
(Intercept) 64.0117350 17.3115236 3.698 0.000247 ***
treatment 4.5494445 3.1346655 1.451 0.147454
avgpoverty 0.3102553 3.5223779 0.088 0.929855
pobtot1994 -0.0012128 0.0002316 -5.236 2.63e-07 ***
votos1994 -0.0261518 0.0354456 -0.738 0.461059
pri1994 0.0360555 0.0409173 0.881 0.378739
pan1994 0.0265376 0.0595018 0.446 0.655836
prd1994 0.0175753 0.0426669 0.412 0.680615
---
Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
Residual standard error: 29.95 on 409 degrees of freedom
Multiple R-squared: 0.0785, Adjusted R-squared: 0.06273
F-statistic: 4.978 on 7 and 409 DF, p-value: 2.01e-05
> pri2000s.model <- lm(pri2000s ~ treatment + avgpoverty + pobtot1994 + votos1994 + pri1994 + + pan1994 + prd1994 , data = progresa) > summary(pri2000s.model)
Call:
lm(formula = pri2000s ~ treatment + avgpoverty + pobtot1994 +
votos1994 + pri1994 + pan1994 + prd1994, data = progresa)
Residuals:
Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
-32.297 -9.854 -1.322 6.468 94.918
Coefficients:
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
(Intercept) 37.9500862 9.4239516 4.027 6.73e-05 ***
treatment 2.9277395 1.7064319 1.716 0.08697 .
avgpoverty 0.5329801 1.9174926 0.278 0.78119
pobtot1994 -0.0004996 0.0001261 -3.962 8.77e-05 ***
votos1994 -0.0417278 0.0192957 -2.163 0.03116 *
pri1994 0.0624589 0.0222744 2.804 0.00529 **
pan1994 -0.0487349 0.0323913 -1.505 0.13321
prd1994 -0.0287363 0.0232268 -1.237 0.21672
---
Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
Residual standard error: 16.3 on 409 degrees of freedom
Multiple R-squared: 0.2206, Adjusted R-squared: 0.2073
F-statistic: 16.54 on 7 and 409 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
・トリートメントを受けた選挙区になると、
投票率が4.54%あがり、得票率が約2.92%あがる。
・前問の結果と、切片はそれぞれ+0.3%、-0.7%と異なった。
イワマ
3
> #3
> t2000.share <- lm(t2000 ~ treatment + avgpoverty + I(log(votos1994)) + t1994 + pri1994s + + pan1994s + prd1994s , data = progresa) > summary(t2000.share)
Call:
lm(formula = t2000 ~ treatment + avgpoverty + I(log(votos1994)) +
t1994 + pri1994s + pan1994s + prd1994s, data = progresa)
Residuals:
Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
-121.929 -7.366 -0.933 5.474 177.177
Coefficients:
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
(Intercept) 23.6041 12.9055 1.829 0.068128 .
treatment -0.3552 1.8069 -0.197 0.844269
avgpoverty 2.6091 1.8667 1.398 0.162972
I(log(votos1994)) -4.9811 1.3395 -3.719 0.000228 ***
t1994 0.7397 0.1307 5.658 2.88e-08 ***
pri1994s 0.1630 0.1365 1.195 0.232924
pan1994s 0.6442 0.2102 3.065 0.002318 **
prd1994s 0.2813 0.1463 1.923 0.055236 .
---
Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
Residual standard error: 17.19 on 409 degrees of freedom
Multiple R-squared: 0.6965, Adjusted R-squared: 0.6913
F-statistic: 134.1 on 7 and 409 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16 >
> pri200s.share <- lm(pri2000s ~ treatment + avgpoverty + I(log(votos1994)) + t1994 + pri1994s + + pan1994s + prd1994s , data = progresa) > summary(pri200s.share)
Call:
lm(formula = pri2000s ~ treatment + avgpoverty + I(log(votos1994)) +
t1994 + pri1994s + pan1994s + prd1994s, data = progresa)
Residuals:
Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
-66.159 -7.154 -0.122 6.311 58.162
Coefficients:
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
(Intercept) 30.95745 8.94802 3.460 0.000598 ***
treatment 0.08599 1.25281 0.069 0.945313
avgpoverty 2.59262 1.29430 2.003 0.045825 *
I(log(votos1994)) -5.67673 0.92877 -6.112 2.30e-09 ***
t1994 0.11784 0.09065 1.300 0.194339
pri1994s 0.49695 0.09463 5.252 2.43e-07 ***
pan1994s -0.16209 0.14572 -1.112 0.266662
prd1994s -0.06799 0.10145 -0.670 0.503119
---
Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
Residual standard error: 11.92 on 409 degrees of freedom
Multiple R-squared: 0.5836, Adjusted R-squared: 0.5765
F-statistic: 81.9 on 7 and 409 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
・トリートメントを受けた選挙区になると、
投票率が-0.36%あがり、得票率が約0.08%あがる.
・前問の結果と大きく異なる
・調整済み決定係数が、前問は約0.06・約0.21で、本問は約0.69・約0.58であった。
・本問のモデルのほうが、データによく当てはまっていると言える
4
> #4
> #選挙区人口
> boxplot(pobtot1994 ~ treatment, data = progresa,
+ main = "Total population of constituencies",
+ ylim = c(0,4000),
+ names = c("controll", "treatment"))
>
> #平均貧困指数
> boxplot(avgpoverty ~ treatment, data = progresa,
+ main = "Average poverty index",
+ names = c("controll", "treatment"))
>
> #投票率
> boxplot(t1994 ~ treatment, data = progresa,
+ main = "Voting rate",
+ ylim = c(0,130),
+ names = c("controll", "treatment"))
>
> #PRI支持率
> boxplot(pri1994s ~ treatment, data = progresa,
+ main = "pri rating",
+ ylim = c(0,130),
+ names = c("controll", "treatment"))
・コントロールグループとトリートメントグループに大きな違いは見られない
4.5.3
1
本問の場合非連続的な点とは人口のしきい値である。
・この仮定が成立しないのは、汚職が蔓延し人口に関係なく特定の地域に肩入れされている現象があるシナリオ等である。
・回帰分断デザインの利点は潜在的なバイアスを回避できるが、欠点として得られる因果効果の推定値が非連続な点付近に対してのみ適用されることである。
イワマ
2
> #2
> transfer <- read.csv("transfer.csv")
> threshold <- c(10188, 13584, 16980)
>
> for (i in 1:1787){
+ num <- which(abs(transfer$pop82[i] - threshold)
+ == min(abs(transfer$pop82[i] - threshold)))
+ if(min(transfer$pop82[i] - threshold) >= 0){
+ transfer$difference[i] <-
+ min(transfer$pop82[i] - threshold) * 100 / threshold[num]}
+ else{transfer$difference[i] <-
+ -(min(abs(transfer$pop82[i] - threshold)) * 100 / threshold[num])}}
3
> #3
> city.within3 <- subset(transfer, subset = (difference <= 3 & difference >= -3))
> city.plus3 <- subset(transfer, subset = (difference <= 3 & difference >= 0))
> city.minus3 <- subset(transfer, subset = (difference <= 0 & difference >= -3))
> educ.plus <- lm(educ91 ~ difference, data = city.plus3)
> educ.minus <- lm(educ91 ~ difference, data = city.minus3)
> literate.plus <- lm(literate91 ~ difference, data = city.plus3)
> literate.minus <- lm(literate91 ~ difference, data = city.minus3)
> poverty.plus <- lm(poverty91 ~ difference, data = city.plus3)
> poverty.minus <- lm(poverty91 ~ difference, data = city.minus3) > educ.plus
Call:
lm(formula = educ91 ~ difference, data = city.plus3)
Coefficients:
(Intercept) difference
4.9460 -0.2027
> educ.minus
Call:
lm(formula = educ91 ~ difference, data = city.minus3)
Coefficients:
(Intercept) difference
4.6573 0.0916
> literate.plus
Call:
lm(formula = literate91 ~ difference, data = city.plus3)
Coefficients:
(Intercept) difference
0.82195 -0.01698
> literate.minus
Call:
lm(formula = literate91 ~ difference, data = city.minus3)
Coefficients:
(Intercept) difference
0.799797 0.008147
> poverty.plus
Call:
lm(formula = poverty91 ~ difference, data = city.plus3)
Coefficients:
(Intercept) difference
0.55912 0.01432
> poverty.minus
Call:
lm(formula = poverty91 ~ difference, data = city.minus3)
Coefficients:
(Intercept) difference
0.56407 -0.03485
4
> #4
> preeduc.plus <- predict(educ.plus)
> preeduc.minus <- predict(educ.minus)
> preliterate.plus <- predict(literate.plus)
> preliterate.minus <- predict(literate.minus)
> prepoverty.plus <- predict(poverty.plus)
> prepoverty.minus <- predict(poverty.minus)
>
>
> plot(city.whthin3$difference, city.whthin3$educ91,
+ main = "education",
+ ylab = "educ91", xlab = "difference")
> lines(city.plus3$difference,preeduc.plus, col = "blue")
> lines(city.minus3$difference,preeduc.minus, col = "red")
>
> plot(city.whthin3$difference, city.whthin3$literate91,
+ main = "literate",
+ ylab = "literate91", xlab = "difference")
> lines(city.plus3$difference,preliterate.plus, col = "blue")
> lines(city.minus3$difference,preliterate.minus, col = "red")
>
> plot(city.whthin3$difference, city.whthin3$poverty91,
+ main = "poverty",
+ ylab = "poverty91", xlab = "difference")
> lines(city.plus3$difference,prepoverty.plus, col = "blue")
> lines(city.minus3$difference,prepoverty.minus, col = "red")
下に比べて、しきい値が上になると教育年数や識字率は、上がっている。
しかし貧困率に関してはあまり変化がないように見える
イワマ
5
> #5
> mean(city.plus3$educ91) - mean(city.minus3$educ91)
[1] 0.1258492
> mean(city.plus3$literate91) - mean(city.minus3$literate91)
[1] 0.009218204
> mean(city.plus3$poverty91) - mean(city.minus3$poverty91)
[1] -0.03507338
・問3に比べて、正負は同じだが差は小さい
・ここで用いられる仮定は
6
> #6
> for (i in 1:4){
+ city.plus <- subset(transfer, subset = (difference <= i+1 & difference >= i))
+ educ.plus <- lm(educ91 ~ difference, data = city.plus)
+ print(i)
+ print(educ.plus)
+ literate.plus <- lm(literate91 ~ difference, data = city.plus)
+ print(literate.plus)
+ poverty.plus <- lm(poverty91 ~ difference, data = city.plus)
+ print(poverty.plus)
+ }
[1] 1
Call:
lm(formula = educ91 ~ difference, data = city.plus)
Coefficients:
(Intercept) difference
4.69814 -0.04874
Call:
lm(formula = literate91 ~ difference, data = city.plus)
Coefficients:
(Intercept) difference
0.81454 -0.01595
Call:
lm(formula = poverty91 ~ difference, data = city.plus)
Coefficients:
(Intercept) difference
0.55234 0.02517
[1] 2
Call:
lm(formula = educ91 ~ difference, data = city.plus)
Coefficients:
(Intercept) difference
2.6203 0.7301
Call:
lm(formula = literate91 ~ difference, data = city.plus)
Coefficients:
(Intercept) difference
0.55356 0.09298
Call:
lm(formula = poverty91 ~ difference, data = city.plus)
Coefficients:
(Intercept) difference
0.9411 -0.1418
[1] 3
Call:
lm(formula = educ91 ~ difference, data = city.plus)
Coefficients:
(Intercept) difference
11.060 -1.879
Call:
lm(formula = literate91 ~ difference, data = city.plus)
Coefficients:
(Intercept) difference
1.4669 -0.2068
Call:
lm(formula = poverty91 ~ difference, data = city.plus)
Coefficients:
(Intercept) difference
-0.029 0.188
[1] 4
Call:
lm(formula = educ91 ~ difference, data = city.plus)
Coefficients:
(Intercept) difference
-2.922 1.724
Call:
lm(formula = literate91 ~ difference, data = city.plus)
Coefficients:
(Intercept) difference
0.2310 0.1388
Call:
lm(formula = poverty91 ~ difference, data = city.plus)
Coefficients:
(Intercept) difference
1.3346 -0.1666
>
> for (i in -5:-2){
+ city.minus <- subset(transfer, subset = (difference <= i+1 & difference >= i))
+ educ.miunus <- lm(educ91 ~ difference, data = city.minus)
+ print(i)
+ print(educ.minus)
+ literate.minus <- lm(literate91 ~ difference, data = city.minus)
+ print(literate.minus)
+ poverty.minus <- lm(poverty91 ~ difference, data = city.minus)
+ print(poverty.minus)
+ }
[1] -5
Call:
lm(formula = educ91 ~ difference, data = city.minus3)
Coefficients:
(Intercept) difference
4.6573 0.0916
Call:
lm(formula = literate91 ~ difference, data = city.minus)
Coefficients:
(Intercept) difference
0.97784 0.03681
Call:
lm(formula = poverty91 ~ difference, data = city.minus)
Coefficients:
(Intercept) difference
0.615315 0.007889
[1] -4
Call:
lm(formula = educ91 ~ difference, data = city.minus3)
Coefficients:
(Intercept) difference
4.6573 0.0916
Call:
lm(formula = literate91 ~ difference, data = city.minus)
Coefficients:
(Intercept) difference
0.98777 0.05692
Call:
lm(formula = poverty91 ~ difference, data = city.minus)
Coefficients:
(Intercept) difference
0.33496 -0.07922
[1] -3
Call:
lm(formula = educ91 ~ difference, data = city.minus3)
Coefficients:
(Intercept) difference
4.6573 0.0916
Call:
lm(formula = literate91 ~ difference, data = city.minus)
Coefficients:
(Intercept) difference
0.85491 0.02883
Call:
lm(formula = poverty91 ~ difference, data = city.minus)
Coefficients:
(Intercept) difference
0.45477 -0.07875
[1] -2
Call:
lm(formula = educ91 ~ difference, data = city.minus3)
Coefficients:
(Intercept) difference
4.6573 0.0916
Call:
lm(formula = literate91 ~ difference, data = city.minus)
Coefficients:
(Intercept) difference
0.82061 0.02652
Call:
lm(formula = poverty91 ~ difference, data = city.minus)
Coefficients:
(Intercept) difference
0.57819 -0.02614
イワマ
7
> #7
> educ80.plus <- lm(educ80 ~ difference, data = city.plus3)
> educ80.minus <- lm(educ80 ~ difference, data = city.minus3)
> poverty80.plus <- lm(poverty80 ~ difference, data = city.plus3)
> poverty80.minus <- lm(poverty80 ~ difference, data = city.minus3)
> educ80.plus
Call:
lm(formula = educ80 ~ difference, data = city.plus3)
Coefficients:
(Intercept) difference
1.95650 -0.05936
> educ80.minus
Call:
lm(formula = educ80 ~ difference, data = city.minus3)
Coefficients:
(Intercept) difference
1.97746 0.05454
> poverty80.plus
Call:
lm(formula = poverty80 ~ difference, data = city.plus3)
Coefficients:
(Intercept) difference
0.55521 0.02633
> poverty80.minus
Call:
lm(formula = poverty80 ~ difference, data = city.minus3)
Coefficients:
(Intercept) difference
0.5573 -0.0338
下巻の5章の練習問題1の解答をつくってくださると非常にありがたいです…。急ぎで必要です。。
下巻の第5章の5.1.1の練習問題の解説が至急でほしいです…!!
ぜひともおねがいします。
ありがとうございます。
下巻の第5章の5.1.1の練習問題の解説が知りたいです…。ぜひぜひよろしくおねがいします。
6章の答えを待ってます!
はじめまして。いつもブログを楽しみに拝見しております。
丁度同じ本で勉強をしており、4章を終えたところで、下巻も一緒に勉強したいと思っています。更新を楽しみにしています!!!
更新を楽しみにしています!!!
4.5.2の問題5.6の解答はどうなりますでしょうか?
下巻の解答をお願いします!
授業で取り扱っているのですが、
進みが悪くて